Had you, living in ancient Greece walked up to Apollo’s
temple at Delphi you would have been greeted by an admonition: Know Thyself.
How might you have understood the phrase? You might well
have believed that, upon entering a temple you should recognize that you are a
mortal human being, not a god.
And yet, Socrates, if I recall correctly, believed that the
sentence was telling him to introspect, to explore and learn about his own
mind. After all, the philosopher once said that the only thing he knew was his
desire.
And so it has been for around two-and-a-half millennia.
Philosopher Quassim Cassam explained it all in the New York
Times yesterday:
To know
yourself would be to know such things as your deepest thoughts, desires and
emotions, your character traits, your values, what makes you happy and why you
think and do the things you think and do. These are all examples of what might
be called “substantial” self-knowledge, and there was a time when it would have
been safe to assume that philosophy had plenty to say about the sources, extent
and importance of self-knowledge in this sense.
Cassam is unhappy that contemporary philosophers have gotten
bogged down pondering what it means to know or to believe.
I will not follow Cassam down that path.
I prefer to begin by pointing out that it’s one thing to know
your wishes, dreams, feelings and emotions, hopes and aspirations. Similarly,
with whatever theory you develop about why you do what you do.
And yet, these have little to do with your character,
something you demonstrate in the way you deal with other people on a daily
basis.
After all, Aristotle said that you are what you do
habitually. By no measure can that mean that you are whatever
you think is going on in your mind.
If we were to ask who you really are would we want to
emphasize your hopes to run the marathon or your trustworthiness? Is it more
relevant for another person to know that you like Mexican food because your
grandmother fed it to you or to know that you are responsible and reliable in
all matters great and small?
Which one is more substantially you?
Philosophers place a special emphasis on knowing your mind. It’s
an occupational hazard. But, why do we believe that knowing yourself means
knowing your mind?
Ask yourself this: Which is more important: knowing that you
want to play basketball in the NBA or knowing whether you have the talent to do
so?
Knowing yourself has less to do with introspective journeys
and more to do with an accurate and objective appraisal of your talents, your
aptitude and your character.
There’s more.
If someone walks up to you and you want to introduce
yourself by telling him who you are, what will you say? Obviously, you will say
your proper name. If someone asks who you are, you will not go into a litany
about your hopes and aspirations, your feelings and emotions, your motives and
your intentions. You will simply state your name.
But, a name is more than a mere appellation. Your name places
you within a family. There you will be someone’s brother or sister, husband or
wife, mother or father, son or daughter.
Of course, these roles are gendered. Knowing yourself means
knowing whether you are male or female. Evidently, today’s serious thinkers
believe that there is no difference. This means that they do not know who they
are and are not to be trusted.
But, a family exists within a society containing numerous
other families. Having a name and being part of a family will naturally place
you within a community.
This defines you as a social being, not as a pure mind
seeking its own reasons, emotions and desires.
As a member of a community you will need to follow certain
rules, fulfill certain duties and obligations, act respectfully toward other
people.
You may choose to reject these values. If you are willing to
pay the price, you are free to do so. And yet, you are defined, not only by
your membership in a group but in the way that you conduct yourself toward
other members of that group.
But that’s not all of who you are.
Knowing what you do and do not know, knowing what you do and
do not know how to do… involves making an objective appraisal of your
experience, your successes and failures.
Surely, if you know all of this you know that you are not a
god. But you will also be well-equipped to face the world.
So far, so good.
Now, look at the philosophical question in the light of this
quotation from Sun Tzu’s The Art of War,
quoted by Bret Stephens in the Wall Street Journal this morning:
If you
know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred
battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you
will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will
succumb in every battle.
Shifting the context, away from philosophical speculation
and toward practical calculation changes the question.
Sun Tzu does not mean that you should know your hopes and
dreams, desires and aspirations. He means that if you are entering the arena
you should know what you can and cannot do and what your strengths
and weaknesses are.
But, to succeed in battle you also need to know your enemy. That
does not mean, Stephens notwithstanding, that you need to engage in a
Clintonian exercise in empathy. It means that you should calculate your enemy’s
strengths and weakness, in roughly the way that a chess player would analyze
the possible moves his opponent can make based on the pieces he has on the
board, their placement, his skill level and so on.
Victory does not just involve knowing yourself. If you know
yourself but do not know your enemy, Sun Tzu says that you will win some and
lose some.
Of course, this also suggests that those who know themselves
and their enemies will know which battles to fight and which to avoid.
4 comments:
For the first time I now know what "To know Thy Self" actually means, thank you.
Though I did not like Bill Clinton I have always believed he had the intelligence, skill and ability to be a great president. The fact that he was not I believe can be attributed directly to the intellectual lightness of Hillary.
Much was made of "I feel your pain" which is directly linked to Hillary's "Empathy" comment. That in many ways governed Clinton's response to terrorism which set the foundation of how the terrorists thought about our "weak horse" status and has governed their strategy towards us as a nation even today.
Obama has only perpetuated this form of delusion because at his very base he does not understand this country or its people.
It would seem that the terrorists knew themselves whereas we could not because of Hillary's influence. This has left us making the same mistake of not "knowing ourself." It is why we keep snatching defeat from the jaws of victory.
Until we as a country, especially its leadership if one can call it that, know who and what we are we are going to struggle along not doing what is in our best interest.
knowing what you want is very different than knowing what you are capable of ...
seems like today "knowing yourself" is knowing what you want ... which is why so many are unhappy ... only by knowing what you are capable of allows you to work on that so that what you are capable of grows ... maybe even into what you "want" ...
Sun Tzu's quote is instructive in the art of war, but it can be further clarified.
My favoriate author E.F. Schumacher recognized four fields of knowledge and I think this contains the question at hand. Inner awareness is only one of four domains to consider for wisdom.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_for_the_Perplexed#Four_fields_of_knowledge
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Schumacher identifies four fields of knowledge for the individual:
1. I → inner
2. I → other persons (inner)
3. other persons → I
4. I → the world
These four fields arise from combining two pairs: Myself and the World; and Outer Appearance and Inner Experience. He notes that humans only have direct access to fields one and four.
Field one is being aware of your feelings and thoughts and most closely correlates to self awareness. He argues this is fundamentally the study of attention. He differentiates between when your attention is captured by the item it focuses upon, which is when a human being functions much like a machine; and when a person consciously directs their attention according to their choosing. This for him is the difference between being lived and living.
Field two is being aware of what other people are thinking and feeling.
Despite these problems we do experience a 'meeting of minds' with other individuals at certain times. People are even able to ignore the words actually said, and say something like "I don't agree with what you are saying; but I do agree with what you mean." Schumacher argues that one of the reasons we can understand other people is through bodily experience, because so many bodily expressions, gestures and postures are part of our common human heritage.
Schumacher observes that the traditional answer to the study of field two has been "You can understand others to the extent you understand yourself." Schumacher points out that this a logical development of the principle of adequateness, how can you understand someone's pain unless you too have experienced pain?
Field three is understanding yourself as an objective phenomenon. Knowledge in field three requires you to be aware what other people think of you. Schumacher suggests that the most fruitful advice in this field can be gained by studying the Fourth Way concept of external considering.
Schumacher observes that relying on just field one knowledge makes you feel that you are the centre of the universe; while focusing on field three knowledge makes you feel that you are far more insignificant. Seeking self-knowledge via both fields provides more balanced and accurate self-knowledge.
Field four is the behaviourist study of the outside world. Science is highly active in this area of knowledge and many people believe it is the only field in which true knowledge can be gained. For Schumacher, applying the scientific approach is highly appropriate in this field.
Schumacher summarises his views about the four fields of knowledge as follows:
* Only when all four fields of knowledge are cultivated can you have true unity of knowledge. Instruments and methodologies of study should be only applied to the appropriate field they are designed for.
* Clarity of knowledge depends on relating the four fields of knowledge to the four levels of being.
* Self-knowledge can only be effectively pursued by balanced study of field one (self awareness) and field three (objective self-knowledge).
* Study of field two (understanding other individuals) is dependent on first developing a powerful insight into field one (self awareness).
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